Don't be fooled: Guide to detecting fake studies

Science skeptics throughout history have relied on anecdotes and misused data to promote false claims. Now, they increasingly try to pass off poor-quality studies as legitimate research. Fake and non-credible studies are everywhere online, presented as proven science to bolster false claims. Sometimes these are disguised as “analyses” posted on the authors’ websites. Others publish articles in unreliable scientific journals that lack editorial i…