How has Russian economy dodged Western sanctions?

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How has Russian economy dodged Western sanctions?

In the three years since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, nothing has changed as much economically for Moscow as its trade relations with the rest of the world. In 2021, almost 50% of Russia's exports went to European countries, including Belarus and Ukraine, according to the Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). The bulk of those exports were energy products, primarily crude oil and gas. Yet, by the end of 2023, less than two years …